Beyond the Wilderness: 30 Fascinating Facts About Prince of Wales Island

Unveiling Prince of Wales Island: 30 Little-Known Facts

Prince of Wales Island, the fourth-largest island in the United States, is a remarkable blend of rugged wilderness, rich cultural heritage, and unique biodiversity. Nestled within Alaska’s vast Tongass National Forest, the island is home to ancient rainforests, mystical caves, and an intricate system of waterways. Its residents, including the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian communities, preserve ancient traditions and celebrate a deep connection to the land, from totem carving and cedar weaving to seasonal gatherings. While Prince of Wales Island is less visited than other Alaskan destinations, those who venture here find an experience unlike any other—a place where Indigenous culture, natural beauty, and untamed adventure await at every turn. From the elusiveness of its coastal wolves to the serene waters of its crystal-clear lakes, Prince of Wales Island is an extraordinary corner of Alaska with stories as vast as its wild landscape.

1. A Rich Indigenous Heritage

Prince of Wales Island is deeply connected to its Indigenous roots, being home to the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian peoples for thousands of years. These groups have passed down traditions such as totem carving, salmon fishing, and cedar weaving, which remain integral to their cultural identity. Totem poles and clan houses dot the island, standing as testaments to their rich artistry and storytelling. Visitors can see Indigenous artisans at work, attend cultural festivals, and visit historic sites like the Whale House in Hydaburg, one of the oldest Haida clan houses in Alaska. Today, these communities continue to practice subsistence fishing and hunting, using skills that have sustained them for generations in the island’s challenging environment.

2. The El Capitan Cave System

The El Capitan Cave on Prince of Wales Island is not only the largest known cave in Alaska but also a fascinating historical and geological site. This vast limestone cave extends over two miles underground, with winding passages and intricate formations of stalactites and stalagmites. Archaeological evidence shows that humans inhabited the cave area over 10,000 years ago, making it one of Alaska’s oldest human sites. Guided tours allow visitors to explore parts of the cave and learn about the unique karst landscape that characterizes much of the island’s topography. In addition to its human history, the cave system supports unique ecosystems, harboring rare species of bats, fungi, and blind cave shrimp that have adapted to the cave’s dark, damp environment.

3. A Haven for Black Bears

Prince of Wales Island is renowned for its high density of black bears, with an estimated population of one bear per square mile. The island’s dense forests, rivers, and streams create an ideal habitat for bears, particularly during salmon spawning season. Bears are frequently spotted fishing along the island’s rivers, and local guides offer bear-viewing tours where visitors can safely observe them. Black bears play an essential role in the ecosystem, dispersing seeds and contributing to forest health. For the Tlingit people, black bears hold cultural significance, symbolizing resilience and strength. Respecting bears and maintaining a respectful distance is paramount on the island, as residents and visitors coexist with these magnificent creatures.

4. Remote and Expansive Wilderness

At over 2,500 square miles, Prince of Wales Island is the fourth-largest island in the United States, yet its population is only around 6,000. The island’s remote, rugged wilderness offers dense forests, serene lakes, and expansive coastlines that are largely untouched by development. For outdoor enthusiasts, this means unmatched opportunities for activities like fishing, hiking, and kayaking in an environment that feels almost entirely wild. Wildlife such as bald eagles, river otters, and black bears thrive in this isolated habitat. The vast expanse of wilderness on the island attracts adventurers looking to experience the beauty of Alaska in a secluded, pristine setting that’s rare to find elsewhere.

5. Haida Totem Park in Kasaan

Kasaan, a small Haida village on the island, is home to Kasaan Totem Park, one of the few Haida totem parks in the United States. The park features original Haida totem poles that tell stories of clan lineages, spiritual beliefs, and traditional Haida legends. The recently restored Chief Son-i-Hat Whale House, a traditional Haida longhouse, stands as a centerpiece of the park and was built by the last hereditary Haida chief. Each totem pole has distinct carvings that reveal important cultural figures and symbols, showcasing the Haida people’s rich heritage. Visiting Kasaan Totem Park is like stepping back in time and witnessing a living tradition, as local artisans continue to carve and restore totems, keeping their history alive.

6. The Ancient Cedars of the Tongass National Forest

Prince of Wales Island lies within the Tongass National Forest, the largest temperate rainforest in the world, where some of the oldest cedar, spruce, and hemlock trees grow. Many trees are over a thousand years old, creating an awe-inspiring atmosphere reminiscent of an ancient forest. These old-growth trees play a critical role in sustaining the region’s ecosystem, supporting species like marbled murrelets, brown creepers, and salmon. The trees also have a spiritual significance to the island’s Indigenous people, who use cedar wood in totem carving, canoe building, and weaving. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect these ancient trees from logging, underscoring their ecological and cultural importance to Prince of Wales Island.

7. Historical Remnants of Cannery Culture

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Prince of Wales Island was a center of Alaska’s cannery industry. Communities like Klawock and Hydaburg housed large canneries that processed salmon, employing locals as well as workers from around the world, including Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigrants. Although the industry has largely faded, remnants of this period are still visible in the form of weathered buildings and rusted machinery. These historic sites tell the story of a booming industry that shaped the island’s economy and contributed to the diverse cultural heritage of its communities. Each old cannery site preserves a piece of the island’s industrial history, linking past livelihoods to present-day traditions.

8. Unique Karst Landscape

Prince of Wales Island’s unique karst landscape, characterized by limestone formations, caves, and sinkholes, is rare in Alaska. Formed by thousands of years of water erosion, this topography creates a complex underground ecosystem with freshwater springs and hidden caverns. The karst landscape is home to rare species, including unique cave-dwelling creatures and algae. This ecosystem has drawn researchers and explorers from around the world, who come to study its geology and fragile biodiversity. For adventurers, exploring the karst caves offers a unique experience in Alaska’s natural world, showcasing how geology, water, and life intersect in one of North America’s most diverse environments.

9. The Historic Klawock Totem Park

Klawock Totem Park is Alaska’s oldest totem park, established in the 1930s to preserve Tlingit totems that were originally carved over a century ago. The park features more than a dozen poles, each depicting animals, people, and mythical creatures from Tlingit oral history. Many of the totems were carved by Tlingit master carvers, and each piece tells the story of clan lineage, important events, or moral lessons. Klawock Totem Park is a living link to Tlingit heritage and an important reminder of the role storytelling plays in Indigenous culture. Visitors are welcomed to learn about these stories, understanding the significance of each symbol and its meaning within the Tlingit community.

10. Abundant Salmon Runs

Prince of Wales Island’s rivers and streams are famous for their abundant salmon runs, especially during late summer. Coho, sockeye, pink, and chum salmon migrate up the island’s waterways to spawn, providing a critical food source for black bears, bald eagles, and other wildlife. The salmon runs are also a cornerstone of the Indigenous communities’ culture and cuisine, where fish are caught and preserved through traditional smoking methods. Salmon fishing draws visitors to the island each year, offering a rare opportunity to witness one of nature’s most impressive migrations in one of Alaska’s most pristine fishing destinations.

11. The Historic Whale House in Hydaburg

The Whale House in Hydaburg is one of the oldest Haida clan houses still in existence, symbolizing the heritage and resilience of the Haida people. Originally built by the Whale Clan, the house contains intricate totems and carved beams depicting the clan’s lineage and legends. It has been carefully restored over the years, preserving the artistry and traditions that define Haida culture. The Whale House remains a gathering place for cultural events, including songs, dances, and storytelling, which keep the Haida’s customs alive. For the Haida people, the Whale House is both a cultural icon and a vital part of community life.

12. A Vital Link in the Alaska Marine Highway

Prince of Wales Island is connected to the rest of Alaska via the Alaska Marine Highway, a state-run ferry system that links the island to Ketchikan. The ferry provides a lifeline for residents, transporting food, supplies, and people, and offering an essential connection for medical and emergency services. The ferry route also offers breathtaking views of the island’s coastlines, fjords, and wildlife, giving passengers a scenic introduction to the island’s beauty. Traveling the Alaska Marine Highway is an authentic Alaskan experience, illustrating the importance of marine travel in connecting remote communities in this vast and wild state.

13. Rare Coastal Wolves of the Tongass

The Alexander Archipelago wolf, a rare subspecies of gray wolf, is native to the coastal forests of Southeast Alaska, including Prince of Wales Island. These wolves have adapted to the island’s unique ecosystem, relying on a diet that includes salmon in addition to deer and other small mammals. Sightings of these elusive creatures are rare, as they are shy and tend to avoid humans. Conservationists work to protect their habitats within the Tongass National Forest, as their population has declined due to habitat fragmentation and hunting. The Alexander Archipelago wolf remains an emblem of the island’s untamed wilderness and ecological diversity.

14. The Canoe Renaissance in Hydaburg

In Hydaburg, Haida carvers are leading a cultural revival known as the Canoe Renaissance. This movement aims to preserve the traditional practice of hand-carving cedar canoes, an essential part of Haida culture and transportation. Using ancient techniques passed down through generations, artisans create canoes that are both functional and symbolic of Haida identity. These canoes are not just vessels—they are expressions of Haida heritage, skill, and connection to the sea. The Canoe Renaissance highlights the importance of cultural preservation and has inspired younger generations to reconnect with their ancestors’ craftsmanship.

15. The Rugged Adventure of POW’s Cross-Island Hike

Prince of Wales Island’s cross-island hike is an adventurous trek for those seeking to experience the island’s wild beauty. The trail traverses dense rainforests, rugged hills, and secluded lakes, showcasing the island’s diverse landscapes. The hike, which can take several days, requires backcountry skills and endurance, making it popular among experienced hikers looking for a remote Alaskan challenge. Along the way, hikers may encounter wildlife like black bears and eagles, as well as ancient cedar trees. POW’s Cross-Island Hike is a true Alaskan adventure, offering both physical challenge and the chance to witness the island’s untouched wilderness.

16. Kayak Through a Maze of Islands

Prince of Wales Island is surrounded by smaller islands, creating a vast network of waterways ideal for kayaking. Paddlers can explore calm bays, hidden coves, and channels teeming with marine life, from otters and seals to the occasional pod of orcas. Many of these islands have secluded beaches and tide pools, offering peaceful places to stop and explore. Local outfitters offer guided tours, sharing knowledge of the area’s ecology and Indigenous history. For experienced kayakers, the waterways provide endless adventure, allowing for up-close encounters with wildlife and breathtaking views of dense forests and mountainous coastlines that feel both majestic and remote.

17. Unique Flora Found Only on the Island

Prince of Wales Island has a remarkable diversity of plant species, some found only in Southeast Alaska’s rainforests. From giant skunk cabbage to vibrant Pacific crabapple, the island’s unique flora contributes to its lush, green landscape. Rare orchids and carnivorous plants such as the sundew thrive in the island’s nutrient-rich wetlands, while dense understories of mosses and ferns blanket the forest floor. The flora not only supports local wildlife but also holds cultural significance for Indigenous peoples, who use various plants for medicinal and ceremonial purposes. Exploring the island’s trails reveals a botanical wonderland, showcasing a thriving ecosystem supported by the moist, temperate rainforest climate.

18. The Abundant Halibut Grounds

In addition to its salmon runs, Prince of Wales Island is known for its halibut fishing, with large populations found off the coast. The surrounding waters are some of the best halibut grounds in Alaska, attracting anglers hoping to catch these massive flatfish, which can weigh hundreds of pounds. Halibut fishing is an important cultural and economic activity on the island, supporting local fishing charters and subsistence fishing for Indigenous communities. The abundance of halibut highlights the island’s rich marine biodiversity, drawing fishing enthusiasts from around the world who come to experience the thrill of landing one of Alaska’s largest fish.

19. The Enduring Hydaburg Culture Camp

Each summer, the Haida community in Hydaburg hosts a culture camp where Haida youth and visitors learn traditional skills such as canoe carving, totem pole carving, basket weaving, and dance. Elders and artisans lead workshops, teaching participants about Haida language, songs, and stories. The camp is an immersive experience aimed at preserving Haida culture, passing down centuries-old knowledge to the next generation. Visitors to Hydaburg during the culture camp gain a rare glimpse into Haida life, witnessing the pride and resilience of a community dedicated to honoring its heritage while strengthening its future.

20. Historic Fish Traps of Klawock

Klawock is home to a unique cultural landmark: ancient fish traps that were used by the Tlingit people. These stone traps, built in rivers and tidal areas, were ingeniously designed to capture salmon during spawning season. Some traps are still visible today, particularly at low tide, providing insight into traditional fishing techniques used for thousands of years. The fish traps are a testament to the Tlingit’s deep knowledge of the environment and sustainable fishing practices. These historic structures represent a connection to ancestral knowledge and serve as a reminder of the island’s enduring Indigenous heritage.

21. Alaska's Longest Forest Road Network

Prince of Wales Island has the longest road system of any Alaskan island, with over 1,000 miles of logging and forest roads crisscrossing its terrain. Originally built for timber harvesting, these roads now allow access to remote parts of the island, connecting small communities and offering stunning views of lakes, rivers, and forests. The road network makes exploring the island’s wilderness more accessible for visitors and locals alike, leading to fishing spots, hiking trails, and campsites that would otherwise be difficult to reach. For those seeking adventure, driving these winding roads reveals scenic landscapes and a chance to experience the untouched beauty of Alaska’s rainforest.

22. Subsistence Hunting and Gathering Traditions

For many residents of Prince of Wales Island, subsistence hunting and gathering are central to life. The Tlingit and Haida communities rely on seasonal harvesting of berries, salmon, deer, and shellfish, passing down techniques and practices through generations. This sustainable approach reflects a deep respect for the land, guided by cultural traditions that emphasize stewardship and balance. Moose, deer, and black bear hunting, as well as foraging for wild plants like huckleberries and salmonberries, provide both sustenance and a connection to the island’s natural abundance. Visitors can learn about these practices through community events and cultural tours, gaining insight into the island’s sustainable lifeways.

23. Endangered Yellow Cedar Trees

Prince of Wales Island is home to rare and endangered yellow cedar trees, known for their strength, longevity, and cultural significance. Indigenous people have long used yellow cedar for crafting items like masks, canoes, and tools. However, climate change has caused increased winter root freeze, leading to a decline in yellow cedar populations. Efforts to protect these trees are underway, with conservationists, scientists, and local communities advocating for sustainable forest management. The endangered yellow cedar represents the importance of conservation on the island, serving as a symbol of resilience and the challenges facing old-growth forests.

24. The Intricate Weavings of the Haida

Weaving is an important Haida tradition that has been preserved on Prince of Wales Island for centuries. Haida weavers create intricate baskets, hats, and ceremonial garments using locally harvested cedar bark and spruce roots. The art of weaving involves complex techniques passed down through generations, with each item often incorporating symbolic designs representing nature, animals, or clan stories. In Hydaburg, master weavers share their craft at events and workshops, keeping this tradition alive. Visitors can admire these woven pieces in local galleries and museums, gaining a greater appreciation for Haida artistry and the cultural significance woven into each piece.

25. The Whale and Bird Viewing at Point Amargura

Point Amargura, on Prince of Wales Island’s southern coast, is a prime spot for watching migrating humpback whales and numerous seabird species. During whale migration seasons, visitors often see these giants breaching close to shore. The surrounding cliffs and beaches also attract puffins, murres, and bald eagles. A designated viewing area allows for safe wildlife observation without disturbing habitats. This special vantage point on the island offers a glimpse into Alaska’s rich marine and bird life, providing an unforgettable experience for nature enthusiasts who visit Prince of Wales.

26. Mystical Old-Growth Forests

The old-growth forests on Prince of Wales Island are truly magical, with towering Sitka spruce and hemlock trees draped in moss. Some trees are over 1,000 years old, creating a mystical environment that feels otherworldly. These forests support a unique ecosystem, including rare plants, fungi, and animals that thrive in this shaded, damp environment. Walking through these ancient forests offers a sense of reverence, with the quiet hum of nature around. Conservation efforts aim to protect these forests from logging, preserving their beauty and biodiversity for future generations who seek solace and inspiration among the towering giants.

27. The Crystal-Clear Lakes and Waterways

Prince of Wales Island is dotted with countless lakes, rivers, and streams, with waters so clear you can often see fish swimming below the surface. These waterways support diverse fish species, including salmon, trout, and Dolly Varden char, and provide drinking water for local communities. Many visitors kayak or canoe on these serene waters, taking in the beauty of the rainforest reflected in the water. The pristine quality of these waterways highlights the island’s environmental health and the importance of clean water sources, both for wildlife and the people who call the island home.

28. Hydroelectric Power from the Island's Rivers

Prince of Wales Island uses its rivers to generate clean energy, with hydroelectric facilities providing power for local communities. Small dams and hydroelectric plants harness the energy from flowing water, reducing the island’s dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing its environmental footprint. This renewable energy initiative reflects the island’s commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility. Hydroelectric power generation on the island serves as a model for sustainable development, showing how natural resources can be used in harmony with nature to support communities.

29. The Rare Alaska Marbled Murrelet

The marbled murrelet, a rare seabird, nests in the old-growth forests of Prince of Wales Island. Unlike most seabirds that nest on cliffs, this bird lays its eggs high in moss-covered tree branches, relying on ancient forests for breeding. The marbled murrelet is an endangered species due to logging and habitat loss, and conservation efforts focus on protecting its nesting sites in the Tongass National Forest. Seeing this elusive bird is a rare treat for birdwatchers, and its presence underscores the importance of preserving old-growth forests on the island.

30. The Cedar House Restoration in Kasaan

The Haida people in Kasaan have restored a traditional cedar house, showcasing the architectural skill and cultural legacy of Haida craftsmanship. Known as a “longhouse,” this structure is built entirely from cedar wood and features detailed carvings and clan symbols. The restoration project involved local artisans and elders who used traditional tools and methods, bringing the cedar house back to life as a community gathering space. The cedar house now serves as a place for cultural ceremonies and education, emphasizing the Haida people’s dedication to preserving their history and sharing it with future generations.

Prince of Wales Island invites travelers to explore its pristine forests, coastal waters, and cultural treasures, each one a chapter in the island’s rich history. Whether you’re kayaking through its island-dotted waterways, hiking the old-growth forests, or marveling at ancient totem poles, Prince of Wales Island offers an immersive journey into Alaska’s unique heritage and ecology. Discover an island where tradition, nature, and wilderness converge, providing both adventure and tranquility.